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Showing posts with label Poverty. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Poverty. Show all posts

Apr 30, 2014

It's a hard earned poverty: Let everyone know!


Prithvi Narayan Shah, in his lessons for his fellowmen once said “It is not an easily earned nation, let everyone know”. We have neither forgotten his teachings nor rested on our laurels, although what we have added to our list of achievements is a much more formidable and unique thing that we believe the world should appropriately envy us for―abject poverty and backwardness. Any citizen of the world on an average earns about $11,640 and people around the world are reeling under the pressure brought about by increasing wealth and prosperity.  Whereas, it seems, we have laboriously worked to keep our income under $1300 and also keep any shreds of prosperity at bay. The world may wonder, how have we managed to achieve such poverty despite all the pressures but there are not many secrets for our success― although it does take an incredibly hard effort to do so. The world should learn from our efforts and follow us if it doesn't want to suffer the weight of choice, opportunity and prosperity.

The primary enemy of poverty is an individual. The ominous inbuilt impulse of every individual to seek ways to put oneself in a better position is the most formidable enemy for any seeker of poverty. Hence, letting individuals politically, socially and economically free is one of the surest ways of making them fall into the miserable pit of prosperity. Secure private property rights is the evil base for prosperity as the world has already realized. 

We have been working hard to make people insecure about their lives and properties till date. In the past, we let the Kings own the whole nation and do as  their whims pleased ,we had autocratic Ranas to shoulder the burden. Currently,  our political leaders and some self-appointed masters of the country  taken on themselves the task of bearing the burden of property and prosperity so that our mass can bask in the glory of poverty and backwardness. Anyone who dares to fall into the charm of prosperity is promptly brought out by our leaders who have aptly collaborated with criminals to strip these people of their properties and, in many instances, of their lives. Our political leaders and elites have been working hard to take away all the property of the mass and keep it to themselves so that they themselves suffer the evils of prosperity and save the rest of us. Some people question our leaders for amassing wealth while preaching about collective poverty. I find this unfortunate. People don't understand how hard the politicians and elites are suffering under the pressure of wealth so that we can enjoy our wretchedness.

Entrepreneurial instinct is another hurdle on our way to success. To counter this instinct and mitigate its impacts, we have made sure that our children grow up hating the concept of entrepreneurship and profit-making. State worship and cult of political leaders/kings are some of the concepts we instill in them. Ask any of our young people, if they know how nations around the world have fallen into the misery of prosperity and they will amaze you with their ignorance. Just utter a few words like economic freedom, free markets, capitalism in front of them and you will be taken aback by their hatred for these evils of prosperity even if they do not know what these really mean.

Despite our efforts to curb entrepreneurship, some people have eventually fallen into the trap. Enamored by this evil, they take risks, start ventures and many times convince enough people to buy their products and services and make enough wealth. But we have not been passive about this at all. Political interference and indoctrinated laborers have been our major tools for fighting against entrepreneurship. We have trained our workers enough and even equipped them with weapons to fight against any wealth creation. We want to be a nation of proletariats not of entrepreneurs. How could anyone undermine the importance of continuous labor agitations, industrial shutdowns, except that which stems out of sheer ignorance? Sometimes, our laborers are easily misled from their path of struggle by the shreds of wealth entrepreneurs throw at them. And that's a pity. In such cases, our leaders send their cadres to crush the enchantment and continue the agitations. But some people are really ungrateful. They complain of being jobless and curse the efforts of our labor unions. How ungrateful of them― instead of enjoying the new found poverty they question and curse our leaders' judgments. They and the world as well, should appreciate the way we have been tackling the problem. For e.g. If a business becomes well known or starts reaching out to too many people or starts spending a lot of money on advertising it products or tries to have an affiliation with the foreign prosperity, we promptly shut them down or ask them to depart with a significant portion of their wealth to feed the leaders so that they remain within our sphere of poverty. It definitely is a tough job, and the world should realize that.

You must be wondering how do our governments and politicians manage the wealth then. Well, that's not a tough job if you are well-skilled. Just look at our roads for an example, which have to be mended almost every month. If our government had built them properly and without careful strategy, we would have no place to pour our wealth and we would have accumulated wealth. Just imagine how disastrous that would have been. Take any instance of our government's work and you will find they have been carefully done in a way that we get a chance to pour wealth every once in a while. We have also taught the people that paying taxes to the government so that they can be poured into the aforementioned jobs is a very patriotic act. Just observe the success of our strategy through the hue and cry that arises when tax evasion by a person or company is found but not an utterance of protest when government (agencies, departments, officials, ministers) carefully mismanages and destroys that wealth. 

Political interference in any task has been our overarching tool for achieving poverty and inefficiency across the sectors of economy and classes of people. From educational institutions to religious institutions, from a family to districts, we have virtually left  no sector free from the loving embrace of politics. For, we are well aware of the fact that, political meddling is the sure shot way of making an economy kneel down. If a property is allowed to be mobilized by its owner, there is a high chance that it can be used to create prosperity so we have preached the virtues of collectivism and putting society above individual needs and rights to everyone. Just look at how every political party of ours’ talks about collective poverty but never of wealth creation. That is our secret.

Another very effective tool we have found for achieving our purpose is the blame game. Although, majority of our people have never seen or been to United States and is located on the other end of the world, we have made sure that everyone knows it is our primary enemy. Similarly, our political leaders have made it a condition that we all show our patriotism by cursing and blaming India. We know, if we people were to look within themselves and analyze, they might find that doors to prosperity lies within. It would be very unfortunate that if people stopped blaming foreigners and started self-analyzing. We could very well, bid our hard earned poverty good bye.

Despite all our efforts, we couldn't convince a portion of population about the virtues of poverty and backwardness. Lured by opportunities and prosperity in other countries, they have been quietly sneaking into those countries as laborers and workers. We did not put much thought to the trend at first because we were working hard to preserve our hard earned poverty here in home. But one day, to our horror, we realized that these people sneaking out of the country were responsible for a sudden decline in our poverty. We panicked, so did our international friends (organizations) who admire poverty. So we quickly adjusted the figure and have been thinking of ways to counter the trend. We have already countered the tendency of people going to foreign army through our effective tool of 'nationalism' and 'patriotism'. But we have been finding it difficult to counter rest of the emigrants. So we have been trying to make it harder for them to go abroad and making everyone aware that it is unpatriotic. These people should have enjoyed the poverty at home than going and laboring in the foreign country for the lure of prosperity, our argument goes.

We have been known in the world for our natural endowments rather than our achievements. That indeed saddens us. Hence, we intend to preserve our poverty and make it so unique in the world someday that we will be the only 'poverty blessed' nation on Earth. However, our achievements so far are equally appreciable. So, the world better know that our poverty is a hard-earned thing and it takes enormous efforts to do so.

(First published on www.bichardabali.com )

Feb 10, 2014

Why is Nepal poor? Some common arguments we hear everyday!!


Why is Nepal poor? Why has it not been able to develop economically? These are some of our most favorite topics for conversations in tea shops. Infographic below lists 5 of the most common arguments we hear about why Nepal is poor and analyzes whether these arguments really hold their ground. Enjoy!


So what do you think about these arguments? Feel free to share your views and opinions in the comments!

Aug 5, 2011

अफ्रिका किन गरीब भयो ? भाग ---३



भाग १ यहाँ छ:
http://www.surathgiri.com/2011/07/blog-post_30.html


भाग २ यहाँ छ:
http://www.surathgiri.com/2011/08/blog-post.html

Source: http://www.wcr10.co.uk/
...उक्त समयमा अफ्रीकाको संस्थागत विकासको गति ज्यादै फरक थियो । ईथोपिया एक्लो र स्थिर थियो भने अन्यत्र सम्पत्तीको अधिकार को असुरक्षा र दासको व्यापार ज्यादै चर्किएको थियो जस कारणले राजनैतिक बिकासको बाटो अवरुद्ध भयो र कन्गो जस्ता राज्यहरु जो लगानी नभईकन दासप्रथामा निर्भर थिए को उत्पत्ती हुन गयो । अफ्रीकामा सुरु हुदैं गएको आर्थिक पछौटेपनले यसलाई उपनिवेशको खतरामा पार्न थाल्यो जसले गर्दा एक किसिमको अधिनायकवाद अर्को किसिममा परिणत हुँदै गयो । पछि सम्पत्तीको अधिकार सापेक्ष अवस्थाको सिर्जना गर्यो । यसको उपर्युक्त उदाहरण सिएरा लिओन हो जसको बेलायती उपनिबेशको रुपमा भएको अस्तित्व भनेको महत्वहिन अस्तित्व थियो । १९६१ मा स्वतन्त्रताको ६ वर्ष पछि सिएरा लिओन साईका स्टिभेनको अधिनमा पुग्यो जस्ले रेलको विस्तार देशको दक्षिण भाग तर्फ  गरे र आफ्नो बिरोधी बढी भएको मेडल्याण्ड क्षेत्र लाई एक्ल्याउन अरु  ट्र्याक र रेल्गाडी चै बिक्री गरिदिए । त्यसले गर्दा भएका सडकहरु भात्किदै गए बिद्यालयहरु पनि टुकृए । राष्ट्रीय टेलिभिजनले आफ्नो प्रशारण सन् १९८७ मा रोक्यो । 

द सिएरा लिओन प्रड्युस मार्केटिङ बोर्डु ले खेती योग्य जमिन जफत गर्न थाल्यो । जब केन्द्रिय बैंकका गभर्नरले आर्थिक अनियमितताको बारेमा १९८० मा उजुर गरे उनलाई केन्द्रिय बैंकको कार्यालयको छतबाट खसालेर हत्या गरियो ।स्टिभेन र उनका उत्तराधिकारी जोसेफ मोमोहले एकाधिकारको सुरु गरे सम्पत्तीको जफत गरे अनि हिराको खजाना लुटे । १९९१ मा यस्तो शाषन सत्ता पतन भयो र गृहयुद्धको शुरुवात भयो । आज सिएरा लिओनको धेरै भाग १४९ प्रमुखहरुले संचालन गर्दछन् जो शाषक घराना बाट आजिवनका लागि निर्वाचित हुन्छन् । जनताको यस्तो प्रमुख र शाषक घराना सँग सम्बन्ध हुंदैन र जनताको सम्पत्ती चाँडै कब्जा हुन पुग्छ ।सिएरा लिओनको प्रति व्यक्ति आय ५० वर्ष अघीको भन्दा धेरै कम छ र संसारको अरु देशको तुलनामा धेरै कम बाँच्नॆ उमेर भएका नागरिक बसोवास गर्दछन् ।
 
सब-साहारन  अफ्रीकाको गरिबी लामो समय देखि देखा परिरहेको छ । तर यसको उत्पत्ति र निरन्तरतामा भुगोलको कुनै दोष छैन ।

Saika Stevens
धेरै अफ्रीकीहरु आफ्नो स्थीति परिवर्तनका लागि सङर्घषरत छन सम्पन्न बनी लामो फलदायी जिवन बाँच्ने उनीहरुको सपना छ । यही सपना पछयाउदै उनीहरु ज्यान जोखिममा राखेर युरोप प्रवेश गरि आफ्नो र आफ्नो परिवारको सुनिश्चित भविष्यका लागि सङर्घषरत छन । हामीले उनीहरुलाई सहयोग गर्ने कि नगर्ने ,यदि गर्ने हो भने कसरी? मेरो विचारमा धेरै कारणहरुले उनीहरुलाई हामीले सहयोग गनुपर्छ । सर्वप्रथम हामीले नजानिकन गर्ने धेरै कार्यले अफ्रीकालाई असर पुर्याएको हुन्छ त्यसैले पनि हामी त्यसमा संलग्न भइरहेको हुन्छौ । त्यसका साथै अफ्रीकामा रहेको गरिबीका कारणले उबजिएको असन्तोक तथा गलत मसिहाहरु जस्तै ओसामा बिन लादेनले संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालाई प्रभाव पार्ने हुँदा त्यस क्षेत्रको दुःखले हामीलाई धेरै चिन्तित बनाउनुका साथै हाम्रो नैतिक जिम्मेवारी माथि पनि प्रश्न उठेको छ ।

हामी यस विषयमा के गर्न सक्छौ त ?  

सर्वप्रथम वैदेशिक सहायता बारेमा स्पष्ट हुनु आवश्यक छ वैदेशिक सहायता समस्याको समाधान पनि होइन न त यो कारण पनि हो । १९७० र १९८० को दशकमा जब स्टिभेनले सिरिया लिनोनलाई दुगर्ति तर्फ धकेलिरहेका थिए त्यसबेला सिरिया लिनोनले वैदेशिक सहायता पाएको थियो । यसता सहायताहरु विशेषगरि भ्रस्ट राजनितिज्ञले छायाँमा पार्ने कार्य गछर्न । वैदेशिक सहायताले यसता भ्रस्ट  राजनितिज्ञहरुलाई श्रोत साधनको दुरुपयोग गर्न मद्दत पुर्याउँछ । अफ्रीकाको आर्थिक समस्याको मुल जड वैदेशिक सहायता आउनु भन्दा धेरै पहिलेको हो ।

सब-साहारन  अफ्रीकन समाजलाई आर्थिक तवरले सहि मार्गमा ल्याउन तीन मुख्य कुरा आवश्यक छ ।

सर्वप्रथम सब-साहारन  अफ्रीकीहरुलाई अझ बढी आर्थिक अवसर दिइनुपर्छ त्यसको मतलब उनीहरु माथि पैसा खनाउनु मात्र होइन । अफ्रीकीहरुलाई आर्थिक अवसर दिनु भन्नाले अफ्रीकाको निर्यात तथा कारोबारलाई विश्वको लागि खुला पार्नु हो । सत्रौ  शताब्दिमा बेलायती  कारोबारले यस्ता व्यक्ति विशेषलाई बलियो र विकासशिल बनाउने गरेको थियो जसले अन्ततः राजनिति र साम्पत्ति अधिकार परिवर्तन गरेका थिए । यो सम्भवत अफ्रीकामा पनि हुन सक्छ ।

दोस्रो अर्थशास्त्रले परराष्ट्र नितीमा ठूलो भूमिका खेल्नु पर्छ । अफ्रीका केन्द्रीत परराष्ट्र निती आर्थिक विकासमा केन्दित नभई अल्पकालिन राजनितीले डोरयाएको देखिन्छ । अफ्रीकाको समृद्धीलाई प्रोत्साहन दिनु असल दिर्घकालिन परराष्ट्र निती हो ।

अन्तमा विकासको सहायताले समाजको राजनितिक परिघटनाहरु परिवर्तन गर्न सहयोग गर्नुपर्छ । मेरो यस भनाईको मतलब प्रजातन्त्र लादनु भन्ने  होइन । तर पनि नयाँ प्रजातन्त्रलाई सहि ढङ्गले संचालन गर्ने हो भने यो राम्रो कुरा हुन सक्छ । ऐतिहासिक  प्रमाणले के दर्शाउछ भने समाजमा  शक्तिहरु सन्तुलित भएमा  राम्रो राजनितिक र आर्थिक सस्थांहरु उब्जिन्छन । यस लक्ष्य प्राप्तीका लागि हामीले नागरिक समाजको सहायताका साथै संचार माध्यमको प्रर्वधन गर्न आवश्यक छ ।अफ्रीकाको लागी कागजमा सिमित रहने व्यवस्था भन्दा यि राणानितीहरु बढी उपायोगी हुन्छन ।

समाप्त 

लेखक : जेम्स रबिन्सन
अनुवाद : सुरथ गिरी

Jul 30, 2011

अफ्रिका किन गरीब भयो ? भाग ---१


Photo taken from the web
वर्तमान विश्वको एउटा प्रमूख जल्दोबल्दो बौद्धिक तथा नीतिगत मुद्दा भनेको सबसहारन अफ्रिकाको गरिबी हो । जसले बिल गेट्स जस्ता व्यापारी देखि लिएर म्याडोना र एन्जेलिना जोली जस्ता चलचित्रकर्मी देखि लिएर बोनो तथा बब गेडल्फ जस्ता संगीतकारहरु समेतको ध्यान खिचिरहेको छ । विश्व बैङ्कले गरिबी मापन गर्दा दिनको एक अमेरिकी डलर भन्दा कम आम्दानी गर्ने व्यक्तिहरुलार्ए गरिबीको सूचीमा राख्दछ । यसरी हेर्दा ती व्यक्तिहरुमध्येका अधिकांश झण्डै ३५ करोड व्यक्तिहरु सबसहारान अफ्रिकामा बसोबास गर्दछन् । अझ मूख्यतः अफ्रिका मात्रै विश्वको त्यो भूभाग हो जहाँ निरपेक्ष गरिबीको मात्रा बढिरहेको छ । सन् २०१५ सम्ममा संयुक्त राष्ट संघको सहस्राब्दी विकास लक्ष्यलाई  दीइएको  महत्वका  बाबजुद अफ्रिकाको गरिब मानिसहरुको संख्या ४० करोड नाघ्ने अनुमान छ ।

अफ्रिकामा आज किन यति धेरै गरिबहरु छन् ? के अफ्रिका संधै यस्तै थियो ? यस विषयमा फरक फरक मतहरु पाइन्छ । केहीले अफ्रिकाको गरिबीको जड यस महादेशको भूगोल तथा  पर्यावरनलाई मान्दछन् ।

अरुलाई भन्छन् अफ्रिकाको संस्कृति परम्परा नै यस्तो छ कि यहाँ पूँजीवाद फस्टाउनै पाउँदैन त्यसैले गरिबी छ। म यस लेखमा अफ्रिका ऐतिहासिक रुपमा गरिब हुनु र आजसम्म पनि गरिब रहिरहनुमा सम्पत्ति अधिकारको प्रमुख भूमिका रहेको छ भनेर तर्क गरिरहेको छु । छोटकरीमा अफ्रिकन देशहरुमा ती समान प्रकारका सम्पत्ति अधिकारहरु छैनन् जसले पश्चिमी यूरोप वा उत्तरी अमेरिकाको आर्थिक उन्नतिमा ठूलो भूमिका खेले र उनीहरुसंग भएका सम्पत्ति अधिकार पनि  असुरक्षित छन् ।

अफ्रिकामा सम्पत्ति अधिकारको अभाव वा भएको स्वरुप नै यसको गरिबीको मूख्य स्रोत हो । यो खुसीको समाचार पनि हो र दुःखको समाचार पनि । खुसीको समाचार के हो भने अपि्रुका भाग्यमै गरिबी लेखिएको छैन यसका सम्पत्ति अधिकारको व्यवस्था सुधार्ने हो भने अफ्रिकाको आर्थिक वृद्धी  हुनेछ र यहाँका नागरिकहरुको जीवनस्तर सुध्रिने छ । दुःखको समाचार चाहिँ के हो भने सम्पत्ति अधिकार सुधार्नका लागि कुनै एउटा अचूक उपाय छैन । उदाहरणका लागि अफ्रिकामा विदेशी अनुदान थुर्पानाले त्यहाँको पीडा त केही हदसम्म कम होला तर त्यसले त्यहाँको व्यवस्था सुधार्ने सम्भावना अत्यन्त न्युन छ ।

अफ्रिकाको गरिबीमा सम्पत्ति अधिकारको भूमिका खोतल्दा हामीले यसको इतिहासको अध्यायनबाट शुरु गर्नु जरुरी हुन्छ । हामीलाई थाहा छ बेलायतमा २३० वर्ष अघि औद्योगिक क्रान्ति शुरु हुनुभन्दा पहिले देशहरुको सम्रिद्धीको स्तरमा भिन्नता अहिलेको भन्दा निकै कममात्र थियो । आज एउटा अमेरिकन नागरिकको औसत कमाई इथियोपिया  वा सियरालियोनको नागरिकको औसत कमाईभन्दा ४० गुणले बढी छ जबकी सन् १७५०मा यो भिन्नता दुई वा तीन गुणले मात्र बढी थियो । सन् १७५० र सन् २००९ को बीचमा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाले तीव्र आर्थिक वृद्धी हासिल गर्‍यो  तर अफ्रिकी देशहरुले गरेनन् । सन् १७५०मै पनि विभिन्न समाजहरुबीच संरचनागत भिन्नताहरु थिए । हुनत हामीलाई थाहा छैन ति भिन्नताहरु कहिले उत्पन्न भए तर हामी इतिहासका केही पानाहरु पल्टाउन सक्छौं । 

उदाहरणका लागि सन् ५०० मा अक्सम अधिराज्य उत्तरी इथियोपियामा फस्टाइरहेको थियो । यसको आफ्नै  लिखित भाषा र आफ्नै  मुदा थियो र हलोमा आधारित विविधिकृत कृषिजन्य अर्थतन्त्र पनि । त्यस अधिराज्यले पर्सियाको खाडी अरेबियन प्राय:द्वीप र पूर्वी मेडिटेरानियन, भारत र श्रीलंकासंग समेत व्यापार गर्ने गर्दथ्यो । रोमन सम्राट कन्सटेनटीन सन्र ३१२ मा ईसाइ धर्ममा परिगत भएका थिए भने अक्समका राजा सन् ३३३ मा केबल २१ वर्ष पश्चात । 

तथापि प्रविधि र राजनैतिक व्यवस्थाको विकासक्रममा अफ्रिकाको वक्र रेखा पश्चिमी यूरोपको भन्दा निकै भिन्न छ । इथियोपिया भन्दा बाहिर नत हलो नत चक्का नै प्रयोग भयो सब सहारान अफ्रिकामा । अक्सम र मालीका ठूला सहरी केन्द्रहरु अपवाद मात्र ठहरिएका छन् । यी दुई समाजका राजनैतिक व्यवस्थालाई तानाशाही भनेर वर्णन गर्न मिल्छ । यिनीहरु राजाद्वरा  शासित थिए जसको शक्तिमाथि कुनै अंकुश थिएन ।

तानाशाही व्यवस्थाले खडा गर्ने आर्थिक समस्याहरुको एउटा राम्रो उदाहरण कङ्गो अधिराज्यको    जुन अहिले कङ्गो प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रको रुपमा छ  इतिहास हो । कङ्रगोको राजधानी म्वान्जा सन्र १४८३ मा पोर्तुगाली अन्वेषक डिएगो चाओले भ्रमण गर्दा करिब ६० हजार थियो जुन त्यसबेलाको लिस्बनको आकार समान र लण्डनको भन्दा ठूलो हो ।सन् १५०० मा लण्डनको जनसंख्या करिब ५० हजार मात्र थियो ।

कंगाली जनताले पोर्चुगालीहरुसंग हलो र चक्का  पाङ्ग्रा  को बारेमा सिके जब पोर्चुगालीहरुले सन् १४९१ र १५१२ मा सुधारिएका कृषिजन्य अभ्यास प्रेरित गर्नका लागि दुतहरु पठाए । तर पनि बिसौं शताब्दीको शुरुवातसम्म पनि त्यहाँ हलो र पाङ्ग्रा दुवैको प्रयोग नगन्य मात्रामा मात्र हुन्थ्यो । त्यसबेलाको समाज कसरी संगठित थियो भन्ने बारे प्राप्त प्रमाणहरु बाट थाहा पाउन सकिन्छ । कङ्गो एउटा राजा र घरानीया वर्गबाट शासित थियो जसको सम्पत्ति दासहरुद्वरा सन्चालित बगानहरुबाट र कर संकलनबाट हुन्थ्यो । शामन्तहरुले दासप्रथाको अभ्यास आफ्नो  बगानहरुमा श्रमशक्ति जुटाउनका लागि र युरोपेलीहरुलाई बेच्नका गर्दथे र दासप्रथा अर्थतन्त्रको केन्द्रविन्दु सरह थियो । कर प्रणाली मनोमानी ढङ्गको थियो र जब जब राजाको टोपी खस्थ्यो तबतब उठाइन्थ्यो । 

समृद्ध हुनका लागि कंगाली जनताहरुले बचत गर्न र लगानी गर्न पर्थ्यो ;जस्तै हलोमा । तर त्यसो गर्नु लाभकर थिएन किनकी उनीहरुले उत्पादन गरेको अतिरिक्त सामान राजा र उसका भारदारहरुले लिएर जान्थे । प्रायः मानिसहरुको सम्पत्ति अधिकार पनि अत्यन्तै असुरक्षित थियो लुटपाटबाट बच्नकै लागि धेरैले आफ्ना गाउँहरु सडकभन्दा टाढा सार्ने गर्दथे ।

अक्सम र यसको उत्तराधिकारी इथियोपिया सन् ५०० मा समकालीन युरोपेली समाज भन्दा खासै भिन्न देखिदनथ्यो होला र युरोपकै समयतिर सामन्तवाद पनि उत्पन्न भएको थियो । तर यस विन्दु पश्चात भने अफ्रिका र युरोपका सम्पत्ति अधिकारको व्यवस्थामा ठूलो भिन्नता देखापर्न थाल्यो । युरोपमा सन् १४०० आइपुग्दासम्म आन्तरिक दासप्रथा हराइसकेको थियो र यसै समयताका सामन्तावादका धरोहरहरु पनि धरासायी हुन थालेका थिए । इथियोपियामा भने यी प्रथाहरु बिसौं शताब्दीको मध्य सम्ममा पनि कायमै थिए । 

अठारौं शताब्दीका बेलायती इतिहासकार एडवर्ड गिब्बनले  भनेझै इथियोपियालीहरु "झण्डै एक हजार वर्षका लागि निदाए"। तर बेलायतमा भने फरक किसिमका घटनाहरु घटिरहेका थिए । सम्पत्ति अधिकार र श्रम बजारको व्यवस्थामा मात्र नभएर वैचारिक सम्पत्ति अधिकारमा र मानिसहरुको भूमिसम्मको पहूँमा पनि परिवर्तन आयो । सन् १६२३ को एकाधिकार सम्बन्धी ऐनले विश्वको पहिलो पेटेन्ट सम्बन्धी कानूनलाई जन्म दियो दासप्रथा उन्मुलन हुँदै गयो र भूमि निजी सम्पत्तिको अधिकार विकसित हुँदै गयो । यी व्यवस्थाहरु विस्तारै अन्य युरोपेली उपनिवेशहरु संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकासमेतमा फैलिदै गए र बेलायतको अर्थतन्त्रमा ठूलो भूमिका खेले ।

यो कुरा किन बेलायतमा भयो तर कङगो वा इथियोपियामा भएन  रोचक त के छ भने एकाधिकार ऐन पेन्टेट सम्बन्धि कानून बनाउनका लागि नभएर राजालाई मनोमानी रुपमा पत्र मार्फत पेटेन्ट दिनबाट रोक्नका लागि ल्याइएको थियो। 

क्रमश्:

लेखक : जेम्स रबिन्सन
अनुवाद : सुरथ गिरी  


भाग २ यहाँ छ:
http://www.surathgiri.com/2011/08/blog-post.html

Mar 27, 2011

Nepal's Other Path


-Surath Giri

In 1989, Peruvian economist Hernando De Soto published his seminal book entitled “The Other path", which was written as a response to the growing atrocities and violence of Sendero (The Shining Path), an ultra left wing terrorist organization which had been debilitating Peru’s economy and murdering thousands of people for almost a decade by then. The Other Path made history not only by helping eradicate one of the most brutal terrorist organization ever to operate in Latin America by solely engaging in the war of ideas but also by creating a new wave of understanding of the causes of poverty around the world.

During the research for the book in Peru and subsequent researches in developing countries around the world, De Soto and his team found out that unlike what ultra left wing groups usually claim, most poor people aren’t  proletarians. Instead they are emerging entrepreneurs working outside the legal system engaged in subsistence activities because they lack clear property rights to what they own which in turn denies them access to capital, broader market, legal protection and technology.  Ironically, it is not the market economy and provision of private property that’s keeping them poor but the very lack of access to it. Contrary to the arguments of left-wing groups or ideologies, poor do not lack property or means to become prosperous. Poor around the world are estimated to have amassed a wealth of more than 9.3 trillion dollars which is multiple times higher than all the foreign aids and grants combined from around the world. What the poor lack, however is the proper property rights that would enable them to expand their means of production to expand their wealth.

Peru’s government which embarked into reforms based on these findings and worked in partnership with the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (De Soto’s think tank), was able to bring some 300000 owners into the legal system within 5 years whose property on average doubled. At the same time,  more than twenty five new institutions began giving loans to those owners who had been denied access to any credit hitherto during the reform. Cutting down business regulations and bureaucratic procedures, Peru was able to bring majority of its informal economy into the formal system creating over half a million new jobs and revenues of USD 1.2 billion.  Today Peru’s economy is among the most vibrant ones in Latin America with very high growth rates-including the world’s highest growth rate of 12 percent in 1994.

Nepal’s Case

The experience is no different from the one De Soto describes in his book when one walks down any road or hikes in Nepal's hills. Reaching out to any village in Nepal, or exploring the shanty settlements in cities, one will find  many things: houses used for shelter; parcels of land being tilled, sowed, and harvested; merchandise being bought and sold and a plethora of entrepreneurs engaged in businesses of their own.  

Hearing about some farmers making hundreds of thousands solely by selling their produces after they had access to the markets isn’t news anymore. And yet, majority of populace still languishes in abject poverty. What explains the discrepancy?

Though poor of Nepal too own some properties or means of production, clear property titles, lack of scientific measure of assessing properties and their values and their lack of access to sources of capital are some of the reasons poor people never seem to be able to rise above subsistence. Lack of roads and means of transportation still bottleneck the progress of remote villages in different parts of Nepal. Informal economy still reigns as the largest employer of the populace. Agricultural sector, the largest segment of Nepalese economy is largely informal. Due to lack of formal property rights and access to capital, most of these emerging entrepreneurs are forced to seek informal money lenders who charge exorbitant interest rates and are once again confined to subsistence activities.

Even those operating within the formal environment are increasingly plagued by the growing insecurities and threats to their lives and properties. Proliferating violent groups and lawlessness is forcing people to limit themselves to survival and operate within their own circles only.

Recently released International Property Rights Index 2011 has ranked Nepal 100th out of 129 countries with regard to secured and strong property rights. Nepal scores 4.4 out of ten and is among the bottom 20 quintile of the index. Among the components used to measure property rights, Nepal scores 3.2 in legal and political environment, 5.8 in physical property rights and 4.1 in intellectual property rights. Contrast this with China, the so called communist country, which scores 5.5 and ranks 60th among the 129 countries. The sorry state of property rights may explain in part, why the poor in Nepal remain poor and proletariats whereas the poor in countries even like China are getting prosperous exploring their entrepreneurial abilities.

Besides this, the World Bank’s Doing Business report too highlights the obstacles that deter the emerging entrepreneurs from getting into formal system. Nepal ranks among the worst countries to be doing a business with very high costs of registering, operating and closing down a business and one of the most unfriendly labor laws in the world.

The Other Path

While our political parties, intelligentsia and media are blaming liberal economy and capitalism for all the poverty and everything else that has gone wrong, the observation around the world in countries which once stood on equal footing with us tells just the opposite. Private Property Rights are rather the source of prosperity and wealth creation than the cause of poverty. Contrary to general notion, it’s the poor who need property rights and economic freedom the most in order to get out of the vicious circle of poverty which is made vicious due to welfare and aid driven programs for them. Acknowledging the fact that even poor people have some form of property and means of production and are of entrepreneurial nature despite the lack of formal titles and ownership is a more pragmatic approach of alleviating poverty. We can at least start from there. Recognizing private property rights of everyone, especially the poor, and  making it easy for anyone to get into the formal system while securing and enforcing their private property rights, encouraging entrepreneurship among the poor too and maintaining a strong rule of law is the other path Nepal could take to get rid of poverty.

(Published in The Himalayan Times of 27th March 2011.)